Posted by: Bill Hornbeck | October 6, 2008

Slave of righteousness

As some of you may know, I am daily reading through Scripture in its order.  Today’s devotion included Romans 6:17-23.  The Arminian clings to his free will.  The Calvinist clings to God who has freed him from sin and made him a slave of righteousness. 
 
“But thanks be to God that though you were slaves of sin, you became obedient from the heart to that form of teaching to which you were committed, and having been freed from sin, you became slaves of righteousness.
                                                                                   

I am speaking in human terms because of the weakness of your flesh For just as you presented your members as slaves to impurity and to lawlessness, resulting in further lawlessness, so now present your members as slaves to righteousness, resulting in sanctification.

For when you were slaves of sin, you were free in regard to righteousness.

Therefore what benefit were you then deriving from the things of which you are now ashamed? For the outcome of those things is death.

But now having been freed from sin and enslaved to God, you derive your benefit, resulting in sanctification, and the outcome, eternal life.

For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.”  Romans 6:17-23.  (Emphasis added.) 

So, who deserves the credit?  Who freed us from sin?  Who enslaved us to God?  Who caused us to be a slave of righteousness?   Verse 17 above tells us the answer:  “thanks be to God“.

Posted by: Bill Hornbeck | October 3, 2008

Limited Atonement

As some of you may know, I am daily reading through Scripture in its order.  Today’s devotion included Romans 5:6-9.  There were some subtle minor points supporting the Reformed doctrine of “Limited Atonement” in this Scripture. 
 
“Limited Atonement” is the “L” in the acronym “TULIP”.  See the “TULIP” link in the right “LINKS” column for more explanation.  “Limited Atonement” means that Christ died for a limited number of specific people;  Christ did not die for everybody.      
 
Romans 5:6-7:  “For while we were still helpless, at the right time Christ died for the ungodly.  For one will hardly die for a righteous man; though perhaps for the good man someone would dare even to die.” 
 
Although the major point in these two verses is that there was nothing in us that deserved Christ dying for us, the minor point is that the specific personal nature of such extreme death sacrifice.  One just does not die generally for anyone or for everybody.  One dies for a specific intended person or specific intended group of people.
                                                       

Romans 5:8:  “But God demonstrates His own love toward us, in that while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us.” 

Although the major point is that Christ loves us, the minor point is how God demonstrates His love.  The demonstration of God’s love is the death of Christ for us.  If you accept the premise (which is wrong) that God loves everybody, then applying this Scripture, it would logically follow that premise that Christ died for everybody.  However, if you accept the premise (which is right) that God only loves His elect, then applying this Scripture, it would logically follow that premise that Christ died only for His elect. 

Romans 5:9:  “Much more then, having now been justified by His blood, we shall be saved from the wrath of God through Him.” 

Although the major point is that Christ’s blood does more than just justify us, it saves us from God’s wrath, the minor point is that for whomever Christ shed his blood, those people are justified.  If Christ died for everyone (which is wrong), then everyone would be justified.  However, if Christ died for only the elect (which is true), then only those elect are justified.   

In conclusion, The Canons of Dort, Article 8 states the following about “Limited Atonement”:  “… it was the will of God, that Christ by the blood of the cross, whereby he confirmed the new covenant, should effectually redeem out of every people, tribe, nation, and language, all those, and those only, who were from eternity chosen to salvation, and given to him by the Father; that he should confer upon them faith, which together with all the other saving gifts of the Holy Spirit, he purchased for them by his death; should purge them from all sin, both original and actual, whether committed before or after believing; and having faithfully preserved them even to the end, should at last bring them free from every spot and blemish to the enjoyment of glory in his own presence forever.”  (Emphasis added.)  See the following link which will bring you right to this Article 8, but which you can also use to access the rest of the Canons of Dort – http://www.prca.org/cd_text2.html#a8

Posted by: Bill Hornbeck | October 1, 2008

Faith brings about righteousness; Law brings about wrath

As some of you may know, I am daily reading through Scripture in its order.  Today’s devotion included Romans 4:13-17.  Faith and Law are contrasted.  Faith brings about righteousness;  Law brings about wrath.   

 
“For the promise to Abraham or to his descendants that he would be heir of the world was not through the Law, but through the righteousness of faith.
                                                                  

For if those who are of the Law are heirs, faith is made void and the promise is nullified;

for the Law brings about wrath, but where there is no law, there also is no violation.

For this reason it is by faith, in order that it may be in accordance with grace, so that the promise will be guaranteed to all the descendants, not only to those who are of the Law, but also to those who are of the faith of Abraham, who is the father of us all, (as it is written, “A FATHER OF MANY NATIONS HAVE I MADE YOU”) in the presence of Him whom he believed, even God, who gives life to the dead and calls into being that which does not exist.”  Romans 4:13-17 (Emphasis added.). 

So, why do we cling to the Law?

“Are you so foolish? Having begun by the Spirit, are you now being perfected by the flesh?

Did you suffer so many things in vain–if indeed it was in vain?

So then, does He who provides you with the Spirit and works miracles among you, do it by the works of the Law, or by hearing with faith?

Even so Abraham BELIEVED GOD, AND IT WAS RECKONED TO HIM AS RIGHTEOUSNESS.

Therefore, be sure that it is those who are of faith who are sons of Abraham.

The Scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, preached the gospel beforehand to Abraham, saying, “ALL THE NATIONS WILL BE BLESSED IN YOU.”

So then those who are of faith are blessed with Abraham, the believer.

For as many as are of the works of the Law are under a curse; for it is written, “CURSED IS EVERYONE WHO DOES NOT ABIDE BY ALL THINGS WRITTEN IN THE BOOK OF THE LAW, TO PERFORM THEM.”

Now that no one is justified by the Law before God is evident; for, “THE RIGHTEOUS MAN SHALL LIVE BY FAITH.”

However, the Law is not of faith; on the contrary, “HE WHO PRACTICES THEM SHALL LIVE BY THEM.”  Galatians 3:3-12.

But, isn’t the Law holy and righteous and good?  Yes, the Law is holy and righteous and good.  “So then, the Law is holy, and the commandment is holy and righteous and good.”  Romans 7:12.

The problem is the sin within us.  “But sin, taking opportunity through the commandment, produced in me coveting of every kind; for apart from the Law sin is dead.  I was once alive apart from the Law; but when the commandment came, sin became alive and I died;  and this commandment, which was to result in life, proved to result in death for me;  for sin, taking an opportunity through the commandment, deceived me and through it killed me.”  Romans 7:8-11. 

What Law brings about wrath?  What Law causes our death?

The Ten Commandments is specifically included.  “…  I would not have come to know sin except through the Law; for I would not have known about coveting if the Law had not said, “YOU SHALL NOT COVET.”  Romans 7:7.

So, what is the solution?  “Therefore, my brethren, you also were made to die to the Law through the body of Christ, so that you might be joined to another, to Him who was raised from the dead, in order that we might bear fruit for God.”  Romans 7:4. 

What is some of this fruit?  “But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; against such things there is no law.”  Galatians 5:22-23. 

Are we going to have faith and trust God to produce within us this fruit, or are we going to look to the Law to measure and motivate us?  It is a matter of life or death. 

Posted by: Bill Hornbeck | September 29, 2008

A Message of Hope

     As we face these difficult financial times, we can turn to God’s Word for encouragement.  “Return to your rest, O my soul, For the LORD has dealt bountifully with you.” Psalm 116: 7.
 
     When we rest, we exhibit our trust in God to provide what we need.  No one likes to go through difficult financial times, but we can use these times to prove our faith which is “more precious than gold which is perishable”.   I Peter 1:7.
 
     In addition to turning to God’s Word for encouragement, we can also remember what God has done for us in the past.  The following is an actual letter that I wrote to my best friend Harry Sieplinga on June 20, 1995.  It has been incorporated in a series of 52 “Letters to Harry” devotions that have been re-titled “Gold Mining” which you can also access at the top of this page under the tag “Gold Mining”.    As I read this letter and remember God helping me through that difficult financial time in 1995, the memory helps me to have courage today and to trust God today.
                                                                       

GOLD MINE 30:  I PETER 1:7

PROOF OF FAITH IS MORE PRECIOUS THAN GOLD

June 20, 1995

Harry:

     Summer is normally a slow time for business for me, and this summer is no exception.  As the summer heat rises, anxiety over finances rises. 

As I prayed about my finances, God reminded me that faith pleases Him.

If I always had everything I wanted, I would have no need for faith.  I would not need to pray to Him, think of His promises, or trust Him.

“…hope that is seen is not hope; for why does one also hope for what he sees?”  Romans 8:24.

When we have everything, we do not have hope or faith, because we see what we have.

But when we do not have everything, we need hope or faith because we do not see what we need or want.

     Although we squirm and are anxious when we do not see what we need or want, such uncomfortable feeling is not bad if it leads us to faith in God.  Faith pleases God.

     “And without faith it is impossible to please Him, for he who comes to God must believe that He is, and that He is a rewarder of those who seek Him.”  Hebrews 11:6.

     Such lack of sight and need for faith should not be seen as an aberration or withholding of God’s blessing.  The righteous live by faith.  The righteous live by the lack of sight and the need for faith.  Abraham did not see his children, and he needed faith that God would fulfill His promise and give him children.  See Romans 4.

     Hebrews 11 contain the Hall of Fame of the righteous who had faith.  “And all these having gained approval through their faith, did not receive what was promised,” at the time at which they needed faith.  Hebrews 11:39.  Later, God fulfilled His promises to them.

     All who gained approval of God experienced lack of sight as to what they need or wanted.

     Does that mean that they were not blessed?  On the contrary, their faith gave them the assurance and conviction that they would receive what they could not see.  Hebrews 11:1.  And their faith was reckoned to them as righteousness.  In regards to Abraham, Romans 4:20-22 states:  “yet, with respect to the promise of God, he did not waver in unbelief, but grew strong in faith, giving glory to God, and being fully assured that what He had promised, He was able also to perform.  Therefore also IT WAS RECKONED TO HIM AS RIGHTEOUSNESS.”

     In conclusion, we should not feel that lack of sight is strange and harmful.  We should feel that it is part of life of the righteous.  We should feel that lack of sight gives us an opportunity to have faith which pleases God.

     We please God when we lack sight yet still trust Him.  Let us thank God not only for what we receive but also for the opportunity to have faith when we do not see what we want or need.

WHAT IS MOST VALUABLE IS NOT WHAT WE DO WITH WHAT WE HAVE.

WHAT IS MOST VALUABLE IS WHAT WE BELIEVE WITH WHAT WE DO NOT HAVE.

     “that the proof of your faith, being more precious than gold which is perishable, even though tested by fire, may be found to result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ;”  I Peter 1:7.

Bill

A September 30, 2008 Postscript –

My devotion today was Romans 4:1-8.  Here is verse 5 which summarizes the value of faith:  “But to the one who does not work, but believes in Him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is credited as righteousness,”

Posted by: Bill Hornbeck | September 25, 2008

There is No Common Grace

As some of you may know, I am daily reading through Scripture in its order.  Today’s devotion was Romans 1:18-32.  This Scripture shouted to me that there is no common grace. 
 
First, as the beauty, creativity, and harmony of the natural world is evidence of God’s “invisible attributes, His eternal power and divine nature” without the need of letters in red in the sky spelling out the words “There is a God!”, the following Scripture so descriptively and powerfully tells of God’s wrath toward the wicked nonelect such that there is no need for this Scripture to expressly state:  “God has NO love, favor,  approval, nor other common grace toward the wicked nonelect.” 
 
“For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness, because that which is known about God is evident within them; for God made it evident to them. For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through what has been made, so that they are without excuse.
                                                 

For even though they knew God, they did not honor Him as God or give thanks, but they became futile in their speculations, and their foolish heart was darkened.

Professing to be wise, they became fools, and exchanged the glory of the incorruptible God for an image in the form of corruptible man and of birds and four-footed animals and crawling creatures.

Therefore God gave them over in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, so that their bodies would be dishonored among them.

For they exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.

For this reason God gave them over to degrading passions; for their women exchanged the natural function for that which is unnatural, and in the same way also the men abandoned the natural function of the woman and burned in their desire toward one another, men with men committing indecent acts and receiving in their own persons the due penalty of their error.

And just as they did not see fit to acknowledge God any longer, God gave them over to a depraved mind, to do those things which are not proper, being filled with all unrighteousness, wickedness, greed, evil; full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, malice; they are gossips, slanderers, haters of God, insolent, arrogant, boastful, inventors of evil, disobedient to parents, without understanding, untrustworthy, unloving, unmerciful;  and although they know the ordinance of God, that those who practice such things are worthy of death, they not only do the same, but also give hearty approval to those who practice them.”

Second, what did God give the wicked nonelect?  Here are the three “gifts”.

1.  “Therefore God gave them over in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, so that their bodies would be dishonored among them.”

2.  “God gave them over to degrading passions”  

3.  “God gave them over to a depraved mind, to do those things which are not proper, being filled with all unrighteousness, wickedness, greed, evil; full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, malice; they are gossips, slanderers, haters of God, insolent, arrogant, boastful, inventors of evil, disobedient to parents, without understanding, untrustworthy, unloving, unmerciful”

In his book, at page 42, Righteous by Faith Alone – A Devotional Commentary on Romans authored by Rev. Herman Hoeksema and Edited by Professor David J. Engelsma, Rev. Hoeksema explains what is meant by this term “gave man over” (“gift”):  “… the text means that God gave man over to bear the fruit of sin to its fullest extent in every relation of life.  There is a working of God in man’s soul, in his mind, in his will, in his desires.  This working is a working of wrath.  God works in this mind of wrath.  In what way?  He causes this mind to bear all the possible fruits of sin.”
                                                                 

Do these “gifts” (‘gave them over”) reveal any love or favor or other common grace toward them?  Of course not.  These gifts show the wrath of God against them. 

Third, how does God view those who “give hearty approval to those who practice them”?

Answer:  “those who practice such things are worthy of death, they not only do the same, but also give hearty approval to those who practice them.”

In conclusion, if God views those who give hearty approval to those who do such wicked things, as worthy of death, then how can we even imagine in our wildest imagination that God has any love or favor or approval or other common grace toward these wicked nonelect?

Posted by: Bill Hornbeck | September 24, 2008

The Gospel is not Persuasion, nor Programs, but rather Power

As some of you may know, I am daily reading through Scripture in its order.  Today’s devotion was Romans 1:1-17.  I have also just started to read Righteous by Faith Alone – A Devotional Commentary on Romans authored by Rev. Herman Hoeksema and Edited by Professor David J. Engelsma.
 
The key verse is Romans 1:16:  “For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.”  (Emphasis is added.)
 
In this book, Rev. Hoeksema states:  “…Therefore, when the apostle says that the gospel is a power of God unto salvation, the meaning is that the gospel of Christ has the inherent virtue of rolling away your sin, driving out your darkness, cutting the shackles of death, and translating you into a state of righteousness, of holiness, and of life.  This transformation, which Scripture calls salvation, is the effect of the gospel of Christ. 
 
Not it may be. 
 
Not, perhaps it will be, if you meet it halfway, if you accept it. 
 
No, it is.  The gospel is this power.  It surely transforms.  The gospel is a living, transforming power that, if it touches your inmost heart so that you are connected with it, drives away your sin, your darkness, your death.  The gospel does that.  …”
 
And so, we have every confidence in the Gospel.  The Church is not the “Purpose-Driven Church” as Rick Warren would have us believe.  The Church is the “Gospel-Driven Church”.  Ministers do not need to either worry or get prideful as to how persuasive they are in the sermon.  Church administrators do not need to be anxious that they have the perfect programs in place for their church.  The Gospel is the power of God that will surely save all of God’s elect to whom He sends His Gospel.   
Posted by: Bill Hornbeck | September 19, 2008

SCRIPTURE WARNS US ABOUT FALSE TEACHING AND FALSE TEACHERS

There are numerous Scriptures which warn us about false teaching and false teachers. I hope that these Scriptures make us think more on this subject. I hope that we are more conscious of false teaching and false teachers of which the Scripture so strongly and repeatedly warns us. I hope that this Scripture motivates us to seek truth, to discern what is true from what is false, and to expose and refute false teaching.  

Psalm 119:104
“From Your precepts I get understanding; Therefore I hate every false way.”
                                                                           

Psalm 119:128
Therefore I esteem right all Your precepts concerning everything, I hate every false way.

Proverbs 21:28
A false witness will perish, But the man who listens to the truth will speak forever.

Jeremiah 14:13-15 regarding False Prophets

“But, “Ah, Lord GOD!” I said, “Look, the prophets are telling them, ‘You will not see the sword nor will you have famine, but I will give you lasting peace in this place.'”  Then the LORD said to me, “The prophets are prophesying falsehood in My name I have neither sent them nor commanded them nor spoken to them; they are prophesying to you a false vision, divination, futility and the deception of their own minds.  “Therefore thus says the LORD concerning the prophets who are prophesying in My name, although it was not I who sent them–yet they keep saying, ‘There will be no sword or famine in this land’–by sword and famine those prophets shall meet their end!”
                                                                                          
Jeremiah 23:31-33
“Behold, I am against the prophets,” declares the LORD, “who use their tongues and declare, ‘The Lord declares.’  “Behold, I am against those who have prophesied false dreams,” declares the LORD, “and related them and led My people astray by their falsehoods and reckless boasting; yet I did not send them or command them, nor do they furnish this people the slightest benefit,” declares the LORD.  “Now when this people or the prophet or a priest asks you saying, ‘What is the oracle of the LORD?’ then you shall say to them, ‘What oracle?’ The LORD declares, ‘I will abandon you.’
                                                     

Matthew 7:15
“Beware of the false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly are ravenous wolves.“

Matthew 24:11
“and many false prophets will appear and deceive many people.”

Matthew 24:24
“For false Christs and false prophets will appear and perform great signs and miracles to deceive even the elect–if that were possible.”

2 Corinthians 11:13
“For such men are false apostles, deceitful workmen, masquerading as apostles of Christ.”
 
2 Corinthians 11:26
“I have been constantly on the move. I have been in danger from rivers, in danger from bandits, in danger from my own countrymen, in danger from Gentiles; in danger in the city, in danger in the country, in danger at sea; and in danger from false brothers.”
                                                                                

Galatians 2:4
“This matter arose because some false brothers had infiltrated our ranks to spy on the freedom we have in Christ Jesus and to make us slaves.”
                                                                         
Philippians 3:2
“Beware of the dogs, beware of the evil workers, beware of the false circumcision;”
                                                             
2 Thessalonians 2:11
“For this reason God will send upon them a deluding influence so that they will believe what is false,”
                                                                        
1 Timothy 1:3
“As I urged you when I went into Macedonia, stay there in Ephesus so that you may command certain men not to teach false doctrines any longer”                                                                                                                     

 

                                                                                                                                                                                
2 Peter 2:1
“But false prophets also arose among the people, just as there will also be false teachers among you, who will secretly introduce destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them, bringing swift destruction upon themselves.”
                                                                  
2 Peter 2:3
“and in their greed they will exploit you with false words; their judgment from long ago is not idle, and their destruction is not asleep.”
                                             
1 John 4:1
“Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, because many false prophets have gone out into the world.”
                                              
Revelation 2:2
“‘I know your deeds and your toil and perseverance, and that you cannot tolerate evil men, and you put to the test those who call themselves apostles, and they are not, and you found them to be false;” 
Posted by: Bill Hornbeck | September 16, 2008

John Calvin on Piety – Part Twelve

This is Part Twelve of a special article on John Calvin written by Dr. Joel R. Beeke of Puritan Reformed Theological Seminary.  Dr. Beeke also has an interesting web site on  located at http://calvin500blog.org titled “The Calvin 500 Blog” “Fostering a healthy discussion for an international community about events, conferences, tours, reviews, studies, discussions, and developments related to the 2009 quincentenary of Calvin’s birth.”  Dr. Beeke has given me permission to post his article here which I copied and pasted from his post at his web site.  I hereby thank him for giving me this permission to post his article here and for his web site as a resource.

Conclusion on “Calvin on Piety”

Calvin strove to live the life of pietas himself—theologically, ecclesiastically, and practically. At the end of his Life of Calvin, Theodore Beza wrote, “Having been a spectator of his conduct for sixteen years,…I can now declare, that in him all men may see a most beautiful example of the Christian character, an example which it is as easy to slander as it is difficult to imitate.”

Calvin shows us the piety of a warm-hearted Reformed theologian who speaks from the heart. Having tasted the goodness and grace of God in Jesus Christ, he pursued piety by seeking to know and do God’s will every day. He communed with Christ; practiced repentance, self-denial, and cross-bearing; and was involved in vigorous social improvements.  His theology worked itself out in heart-felt, Christ-centered piety.

For Calvin and the Reformers of sixteenth-century Europe, doctrine and prayer as well as faith and worship are integrally connected. For Calvin, the Reformation includes the reform of piety (pietas), or spirituality, as much as a reform of theology. The spirituality that had been cloistered behind monastery walls for centuries had broken down; medieval spirituality was reduced to a celibate, ascetic, and penitential devotion in the convent or monastery. But Calvin helped Christians understand piety in terms of living and acting every day according to God’s will (Rom. 12:1-2) in the midst of human society. Through Calvin’s influence, Protestant spirituality focused on how one lived the Christian life in the family, the fields, the workshop, and  the marketplace.  Calvin helped Protestants change the entire focus of the Christian life.

Calvin’s teaching, preaching, and catechizing fostered growth in the relationship between believers and God. Piety means experiencing sanctification as a divine work of renewal expressed in repentance and righteousness, which progresses through conflict and adversity in a Christ-like manner. In such piety, prayer and worship are central, both privately and in the community of believers.

The worship of God is always primary, for one’s relationship to God takes precedence over everything else. That worship, however, is expressed in how the believer lives his vocation and how he treats his neighbors, for one’s relationship with God is most concretely seen in the transformation of every human relationship. Faith and prayer, because they transform every believer, cannot be hidden. Ultimately, therefore, they must transform the church, the community, and the world.

Posted by: Bill Hornbeck | September 16, 2008

Total Perfect Triumph

“Thus says the LORD, “Let not a wise man boast of his wisdom, and let not the mighty man boast of his might, let not a rich man boast of his riches;
but let him who boasts boast of this, that he understands and knows Me, that I am the LORD who exercises lovingkindness, justice and righteousness on earth; for I delight in these things,” declares the LORD.” Jeremiah 9: 23-24.

God is glorified by his exercise of His lovingkindness by saving His Elect.  

God is also glorified by His exercise of His justice in punishing sin both by punishing the sinful reprobates by sending them to hell but by also sending His precious only begotten Son Jesus Christ to suffer and die on the cross, because Christ took on Himself the sins of the Elect.  If ever there was a time for God to refrain from justice, it was when Christ was on the cross.  But, God perfectly demonstrated His justice by even punishing Christ who took on the sins of the Elect.  
 
God is glorified by His exercise of His righteousness by imputing the righteousness of Christ to the Elect and by sanctifying the Elect, causing them to be slaves of righteousness. 
 
TOTAL PERFECT TRIUMPH.
Posted by: Bill Hornbeck | September 14, 2008

What makes us rejoice?

What makes us rejoice?  How well our favorite sports team does?  How well we or our children do?
 
What if our favorite sports team loses?  What if we or our children don’t do as well as we hoped? 
 
“Set your mind on the things above, not on the things that are on earth.  For you have died and your life is hidden with Christ in God.  When Christ, who is our life, is revealed, then you also will be revealed with Him in glory.”  Colossians 3:2-4. 
 
Our joy should be based on God and His glory.  We should also rejoice in our salvation and the righteousness with which God clothed us. 
 
“I will rejoice greatly in the LORD,
 My soul will exult in my God;
 For He has clothed me with garments of salvation,
 He has wrapped me with a robe of righteousness,
 As a bridegroom decks himself with a garland,
 And as a bride adorns herself with her jewels.”  Isaiah 61:10.   

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